What are common signs and symptoms of sodium being too high or low?

The presence of hypotension, muscle cramping, and restlessness indicates issues related to sodium imbalance in the body. When sodium levels are too low, a condition known as hyponatremia can occur, leading to symptoms such as muscle cramps, as the body struggles to maintain proper electrolyte balance. Additionally, low sodium can contribute to hypotension, as it affects fluid balance and blood volume. Restlessness is also associated with low sodium levels, as the brain may respond to electrolyte imbalances with heightened agitation or discomfort.

In contrast, other choices present symptoms linked to different conditions. For instance, palpitations and shortness of breath are often related to cardiac issues rather than sodium levels specifically. Fever and chills typically indicate an infection or inflammatory response, while headaches and excessive thirst can relate to dehydration or a range of other metabolic issues outside the scope of direct sodium imbalances. Understanding these connections can help in recognizing the clinical implications of sodium fluctuations in patients undergoing hemodialysis.